MADCOW DISEASE USA SPONTANEOUS OR FEED ?

spontaneous TSE of any species has never been proven. THERE is NO evidence of a 'spontaneous' TSE anywhere that is infectious and shows the pathology of any natural TSE. what prusiner and soto produced looked like no nature TSE. are we expected to believe that the tooth fairy and or santa claus brought this disease to us? i think not. we have mad cows in Alabama, we have mad cow feed in Alabama, we have mad cows in Texas, we have mad cow feed in Texas. http://www.prwatch.org/node/4883

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Name:
Location: BACLIFF, Texas, United States

My mother was murdered by what I call corporate and political homicide i.e. FOR PROFIT! she died from a rare phenotype of CJD i.e. the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. sporadic, simply meaning from unknown route and source. I have simply been trying to validate her death DOD 12/14/97 with the truth. There is a route, and there is a source. There are many here in the USA. WE must make CJD and all human TSE, of all age groups 'reportable' Nationally and Internationally, with a written CJD questionnaire asking real questions pertaining to route and source of this agent. Friendly fire has the potential to play a huge role in the continued transmission of this agent via the medical, dental, and surgical arena. We must not flounder any longer. ...TSS

Thursday, July 20, 2017

Alabama atypical L-type BASE BSE TSE Prion Mad Cow Disease


USDA Detects a Case of Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Alabama 

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service sent this bulletin at 07/18/2017 07:05 PM EDT 

USDA Detects a Case of Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Alabama

 Washington, D.C., July 18, 2017 – The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a neurologic disease of cattle, in an eleven-year old cow in Alabama. This animal never entered slaughter channels and at no time presented a risk to the food supply, or to human health in the United States. 

USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) have determined that this cow was positive for atypical (L-type) BSE. The animal was showing clinical signs and was found through routine surveillance at an Alabama livestock market. APHIS and Alabama veterinary officials are gathering more information on the case.

 BSE is not contagious and exists in two types - classical and atypical. Classical BSE is the form that occurred primarily in the United Kingdom, beginning in the late 1980’s, and it has been linked to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in people. The primary source of infection for classical BSE is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent, such as meat-and-bone meal containing protein derived from rendered infected cattle. Regulations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have prohibited the inclusion of mammalian protein in feed for cattle and other ruminants since 1997 and have also prohibited high risk tissue materials in all animal feed since 2009. Atypical BSE is different, and it generally occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater. It seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations. 

This is the nation’s 5th detection of BSE. Of the four previous U.S. cases, the first was a case of classical BSE that was imported from Canada; the rest have been atypical (H- or L-type) BSE.

 The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has recognized the United States as negligible risk for BSE. As noted in the OIE guidelines for determining this status, atypical BSE cases do not impact official BSE risk status recognition as this form of the disease is believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this finding of an atypical case will not change the negligible risk status of the United States, and should not lead to any trade issues. 

The United States has a longstanding system of interlocking safeguards against BSE that protects public and animal health in the United States, the most important of which is the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE should an animal have the disease - from all animals presented for slaughter. The second safeguard is a strong feed ban that protects cattle from the disease. Another important component of our system - which led to this detection - is our ongoing BSE surveillance program that allows USDA to detect the disease if it exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population.



THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 

USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200



THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017

Alabama Atypical BSE CJD CWD TSE Prion Update

Friday, May 18, 2012

Re: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ??? December 23, 2002 at 12:12 pm PST

Subject: Re: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ???
Date: Mon, 23 Dec 2002 12:56:07 -0600
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
References:

######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Greetings and Happy Holidays,
hi Linda,
many thanks for this reply, was just checking in to see
if anything new had happened since our last correspondence.
i thought i had missed something?
> Unfortunately, the new database is much more complicated than
> the old one, and it does not lend itself to presenting data in
> a simple spreadsheet as we did in the past.
how convenient;-) i had no problems with the old one...
> Please be assured that CVM is working to solve this problem,
> and we do plan to post this data in the future.
thank you, if USDA/APHIS are lucky, i will hold my breath until
that time;-)
nothing personal Linda, take care, and may the New Year bring
PEACE...
TSS
CVM HomePage wrote:
> Dear Mr. Singeltary:
>
> As mentioned in my e-mail of December 4, FDA's Center for Veterinary
> Medicine never posted the Warning Letters for ruminant feed violations on
> our "BSE" page -- http://www.fda.gov/cvm/index/bse/bsetoc.html. However,
> these Warning Letters have been included on the FDA "Warning Letters" page
> -- http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning.htm that is located on the FDA's
> "Electronic Freedom of Information Reading Room" page. But, not as a
> separate category of Warning Letters for violations of the ruminant feed
> rules.
>
> I checked the Warning Letter page, and found that quite a few Warning
> Letters have been posted since May; however, I did not find any more recent
> than May 7, 2002, regarding "Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
> Feed/Misbranded" (ruminant feed rule violations.) You may wish to file a
> Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to determine if more recent
> Warning Letters have been issued, but not posted on the FDA Home Page.
> Information about filing a FOIA request may be found at:
> http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/foiahand.html
>
> As mentioned on the "CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE) Inspections" site --
>
> "After March 11, 2002, FDA discontinued the database that was used to
> compile these listings. The Agency started a new database on April 15, 2002,
> and future updates on BSE enforcement and inspectional findings will draw
> from it. The format of the information presented here may change, due to
> design changes of the new database. This site will be updated after a period
> of time that allows for transition into the new database system."
>
> Unfortunately, the new database is much more complicated than the old one,
> and it does not lend itself to presenting data in a simple spreadsheet as we
> did in the past. Please be assured that CVM is working to solve this
> problem, and we do plan to post this data in the future.
>
> We have nothing new to report at this time.
>
> I hope that this information is helpful.
>
> Sincerely yours,
>
> Linda A. Grassie for the FDA Home Page
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [mailto:flounder@wt.net]
> Sent: Saturday, December 21, 2002 4:03 PM
> To: CVMHomeP@cvm.fda.gov
> Subject: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ???
>
>
> Greetings,
>
> i have noticed the inspections and warning letters
> from firms not complying with the ruminant-to-ruminant
> feed ban violations has not been updated since (March 11, 2002)?
>
> 2) Firms Currently Considered as Not in Compliance with the BSE Feed Rule
>
> The following spreadsheet is a subset of Spreadsheet 1 and contains the
> name, address, and firm identifier of all firms that were considered as
> not being in compliance with the BSE feed regulation at their most
> recent inspection, according to the BSE inspection database. Compliance
> status was determined by examination of the BSE Inspection Checklist.
> The dates of the inspections and the specific BSE provision violations
> for each inspection are also included. The listing is organized
> alphabetically first by the FDA District and then by the state in which
> the inspected facility is located.
>
> Most Recent BSE Inspections, Firms Not in Compliance
>
> http://www.fda.gov/cvm/efoi/InpectionListDescriptionforHP.htm
>
> i would be interested to know if all firms are now complying and that no
> warning letters have been issued since may of 2002, or have they just not
> been posted?
>
> if so, how can i locate them?
>
> thank you,
> kind regards,
> terry
>
>
########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############
Subject: Re: re-USA BSE/TSE RUMINANT-TO-RUMINANT FEED BAN VIOLATIONS ''cover-up''
Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2002 11:28:24 -0600
From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de
References: <3dee84d2.705.1804289383@wt.net>

######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
Greetings List Members,
for those that were interested, it seems they have taken
the 'animal protein' search title and only listed
4 with that search title. this is the same search title
i have used since searching ruminant-to-ruminant feed
ban warning letters for the last 5 years. it seems they
have archived all of them and they are now not listed
in search, unless you go back to archive, except for these
four. i knew they had to be somewhere, but still is
odd we now have to file FOIA to see what we were able
to see for the last five years every Tues.? i had read
a while back Senator Kennedy was very worried due to the
fact that the new administration had decided to cease
posted many of these warning letters, or just to stop issuing
them all together? at any rate, it does seem that they have
ceased to document them since may 2002, if they are continuing
to even issue them at all? or maybe we could be lucky enough
as to have not had any violations since may;-) i guess if i
want to find out, i must file FOIA, and by the time they
send me that data, they will probably post on WWW???
round and round we go, when we stop, nobody knows;
> Again, I am not involved in posting warning letters
> on that page, so I cannot answer your question on where
> newer letters on ruminant feed violations are being posted.
> In fact, I do not know if FDA has issued any Warning Letters
> on this subject since last May. You will need to file a FOIA
> request for that information.
for anyone interested, here are the urls for archive,
i did not look under 'M' medicated feeds, i remember
some time ago some BSE warning letters were for medicated
feeds as well.
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/wlcfm/subject.cfm?FL=A
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/wlcfm/subject_archive.cfm?FL=A
TSS
flounder wrote:
> ######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########
>
> -------- Original Message --------
> Subject: Re: ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban violations ???
> Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2002 15:49:19 -0500
> From: "Grassie, Linda A"
> To: "'flounder@wt.net'"
> CC: "Bataller, Neal"
>
> Dear Mr. Singeltary:
>
> Your request for information on violations of FDA's ruminant
> feed rule
> has been forwarded to me for reply.
>
> We (FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine) never posted the
> Warning
> Letters for ruminant feed violations on our "BSE" page --
>
> http://www.fda.gov/cvm/index/bse/bsetoc.html. However,
> these Warning
> Letters have been included on the FDA "Warning Letters" page
> --
>
> http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning.htm
> that is located on the FDA's "Electronic Freedom of
> Information Reading
> Room" page. But, not as a separate category of Warning
> Letters for
> violations of the ruminant feed rules.
>
> I checked the Warning Letter page, and found that quite a
> few Warning
> Letters have been posted since May; however, I did not find
> any more
> recent than May 7, 2002, regarding "Animal Proteins
> Prohibited in
> Ruminant Feed/Misbranded" (ruminant feed rule violations.)
> You may
> wish to file a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to
> determine if
> more recent Warning Letters have been issued, but not posted
> on the FDA
> Home Page. Information about filing a FOIA request may be
> found at:
> http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/foiahand.html
>
>
> As mentioned on the "CVM and Ruminant Feed (BSE)
> Inspections" site --
>
> "After March 11, 2002, FDA discontinued the database that
> was used to
> compile these listings. The Agency started a new database on
> April 15,
> 2002, and future updates on BSE enforcement and inspectional
> findings
> will draw from it. The format of the information presented
> here may
> change, due to design changes of the new database. This site
> will be
> updated after a period of time that allows for transition
> into the new
> database system."
>
> Unfortunately, the new database is much more complicated
> than the old
> one, and it does not lend itself to presenting data in a
> simple
> spreadsheet as we did in the past. Please be assured that
> CVM is
> working to solve this problem, and we do plan to post this
> data in the
> future.
>
> I hope that this information is helpful.
>
> Sincerely yours,
>
> Linda A. Grassie
> Public Information Specialist
> FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [ mailto:flounder@wt.net
> ]
> Sent: Tuesday, December 03, 2002 12:00 PM
> To: Nbatalle@cvm.fda.gov
> Subject: ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban violations ???
>
> greetings,
>
> i have noticed that no ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban
> violations have been posted for some time. i have also
> noticed that since about april or may of 2002, the warning
> letters have ceased to be posted publicly, and at the site
> CVM and Ruminant feed inspections site url, they have not
> been updated either.
>
> is this correct or not ?
>
> if not correct, then where are they now being posted ?
>
> outdated data here;
>
> http://www.fda.gov/cvm/efoi/InpectionListDescriptionforHP.ht
> m
>
> tm>
>
> thank you,
> kind regards,
>
> Terry S. Singeltary Sr.
> ==========================
>
> Greetings BSE-L members,
>
> as you can see above, i got a reply about the
> ruminant-to-ruminant
> ban warning letters that have ceased to be posted publically
> since May. i find a few comments interesting to say the
> least;
>
>
>>I checked the Warning Letter page, and found that quite
>>a few Warning Letters have been posted since May; however,
>>I did not find any more recent than May 7, 2002, regarding
>>"Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Misbranded"
>>(ruminant feed rule violations.)
>
>
> so did i, this is where i have always searched for them.
> what did i find today;
>
> Darling International, Inc.
> 5/07/02
> Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
> Ruminant Feed/Misbranded [PDF]
> [HTML]
> All American Feed & Tractor
> 4/01/02
> Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
> Ruminant Feed/Adulterated [PDF]
> [HTML]
> Tyson Foods
> 2/12/02
> Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
> Ruminant Feed/Misbranded [PDF]
> [HTML]
> The Feed Bucket
> 12/11/01
> Atlanta District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
> Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded [PDF]
> [HTML]
>
> well well, i do not see the "quite a few Warning Letters
> have
> been posted since May" that FDA spoke of. only 4 ???
>
>
>>You may wish to file a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
>>request to determine if more recent Warning Letters have
>>been issued, but not posted on the FDA Home Page.
>
>
> this is absolutely as i thought. they are _not_ listing
> them for public viewing anymore. i never had to file a
> FOIA for this information before. so, what would you call
> this??? more politics and more BSeee, or just another
> USA cover-up on human/animal TSEs in the USA.
>
> GBR RISK ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE CHANGED TO ALL TSEs...
>
> USA GBR SHOULD BE CHANGED TO GBR III...
>
> TSS
>
>
>>######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
>> #########
>>Greetings Dr. Gomez and other List members and Lurkers,
>>
>>Gomez, Thomas M. wrote:
>>
>>Subject: Re: Speaking Note on BSE Agriculture Council,
>>Brussels, 2 8
>> November 2002 (compare TSE testing)
>>Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2002 10:21:41 -0500
>>From: "Gomez, Thomas M."
>>Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE-L
>>
>> > 1. I'm not able to comment on feed ban violations.
>> > Regulatory authority for Substances Prohibited From Use
>>in
>> > Animal Food or Feed; Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant
>> > Feed is the FDA, not the USDA.
>>
>>snip...
>>
>>thank you again Dr. Gomez, i did not realize you
>>could not speak about the ruminant-to-ruminant
>>feed ban. odd some FDA lurkers have not replied?
>>maybe Dr. Freas will know, but i don't think the
>>big guns lurk here. like Dr. Detwiler, she has her
>>other people do the dirty work here, replies through
>>them. odd, you replied about 50 State BSE Conference
>>call on Jan. 9, 2001, and that's pretty much all that
>>was about was all the BSE feed ban violations in the USA.
>>no matter, i will ask FDA officials.
>>
>>Subject: USDA/APHIS response to BSE-L--U.S. 50 STATE
>>CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001
>>Date: Wed, 10 Jan 2001 14:04:21 -0500
>>From: "Gomez, Thomas M."
>>Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
>>
>>USDA/APHIS would like to provide clarification on the
>>following point from Mr. Singeltary's 9 Jan posting
>>regarding the 50 state conference call.
>>[Linda Detwiler asking everyone (me) not to use emergency
>>BSE number, unless last resort. (i thought of calling them
>>today, and reporting the whole damn U.S. cattle herd ;-)
>> 'not']
>>Dr. Detwiler was responding to an announcement made during
>>the call to use the FDA emergency number if anyone wanted
>>to report a cow with signs suspect for BSE. Mr.
>>Singeltary is correct that Dr. Detwiler asked participants
>>to use the FDA emergency number as a last resort to report
>>cattle suspect for BSE. What Mr. Singeltary failed to do
>>was provide the List with Dr. Detwiler's entire statement.
>> Surveillance for BSE in the United States is a
>>cooperative effort between states, producers, private
>>veterinarians, veterinary hospitals and the USDA. The
>>system has been in place for over 10 years. Each state
>>has a system in place wherein cases are reported to either
>>the State Veterinarian, the federal Veterinarian in Charge
>>or through the veterinary diagnostic laboratory system.
>>The states also have provisions with emergency numbers.
>>Dr. Detwiler asked participants to use the systems
>>currently in place to avoid the possibility of a
>>BSE-suspect report falling through the cracks. Use of the
>>FDA emergency number has not been established as a means
>>to report diseased cattle of any nature...
>>snip...
>>
>>FYI see full text with my reply here;
>>
>>http://www.vegsource.com/talk/madcow/messages/8219.html
>>
>>and a better reply than mine would be here;
>>
>> >would you and the USDA/APHIS be so kind as to supply
>> >this list with a full text version of the conference
>> >call and or post on
>> >your web-site?
>>
>> >if not, why not?
>> >
>> >> The system has been in place for over 10 years.
>> >
>> > only test 10,700 cattle from some 1.5 BILLION head
>>(including
>> >calf crop). Especially since French >are testing some
>>20,000 weekly and
>> >the E.U. as a whole,
>>
>>==-=-=
>>
>>Right. The US has 101 million cows where as France has 5.7
>>million. This being 17.7 as many cows, the US would need
>>to test 17.7 x 20,000 = 354,386 cows a week to be testing
>>proportionately. This compares to about 50 cows a week
>>tested now. In other words, the US needs to test 7,000
>>cows where it is now testing 1 to keep up with
>>international norms.
>>Once a country starts serious testing, they get religion.
>>After stomaching some bad results, then they want their
>>trading partners to test just like they did.
>>
>>No one can predict what, if anything, would turn up in the
>>US from a European scale of testing. Right now the US has
>>not been using the international gold standard of the
>>Prionics test.
>>Just as Austria and Belgium have been forced into
>>unwilling testing, the US is going to have to test at an
>>adequate level or forget about foreign trade in bovine
>>byproducts, cosmetics, nutriceuticals, veterinary
>>products, and pharmaceuticals. You can see this just from
>>announcements in Japan.
>>
>>Nobody is going to buy into theoretical reasons why there
>>shouldn't be BSE in the US or Canada when the choice is
>>real-world testing that proved so informative in other
>>theoretical countries such as Germany.
>>In my opinion, the US should have been preparing long ago
>>for a soft landing with the consumer instead of going with
>>the heavy-handed germanic denial system.
>>
>>http://www.vegsource.com/talk/madcow/messages/8222.html
>>
>>i have also sent many letters to FDA with no reply.
>>i have ask all parties that represent this industry
>>to respond to my question, with no luck. so again,
>>i ask all USA Gov. lurkers on this list, including
>>all FDA officials, please answer my question;
>>
>>where are the ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban violations
>>now being documented for public viewing ???
>>
>>for some humorist reading;
>>
>>http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Nov01/112901/01
>>N-0423-EC-18.html
>>http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Nov01/112901/01
>>N-0423-EC-20.html
>>http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Nov01/112901/01
>>N-0423-EC-11.html
>>http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/01/Nov01/112901/01
>>N-0423-EC-19.html
>>http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/100501b.htm
>>
>>http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/21cfr589_01.
>>html
>>snip...
>>
>>As of March 11, CVM had received inspection reports
>>covering inspections (both initial inspections and
>>re-inspections) of 10,458 different firms. The majority of
>>these inspections (around 80%) were conducted by State
>>officials under contract to FDA and the remainder by FDA
>>officials.
>>Various segments of the feed industry had different levels
>>of compliance with this feed ban regulation. The results
>>to date are reported here both by "segment of industry"
>>and "in total".
>>RENDERERS
>>
>>(These firms are the first to handle rendered protein and
>>send materials to feed mills and ruminant feeders.)
>>
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS WHOSE INITIAL INSPECTION HAS BEEN
>>REPORTED TO CVM - 239
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS HANDLING MATERIALS PROHIBITED FOR
>>USE IN RUMINANT FEED - 171 (72% of those firms
>>inspected/reported).
>> * Of the 171 renderers handling prohibited
>>materials, at their most recent inspection (could have
>>been an initial or a follow-up inspection):
>> - 4 (2%) had products that were not labeled as
>>required
>> - 3 (2%) did not have adequate systems to prevent
>>co-mingling
>> - 1 (1%) did not adequately follow record keeping
>>regulations
>> - 4 (2%) firms were found to be out of compliance
>>(some firms were out of compliance with more than one
>>aspect of the rule)
>>FDA LICENSED FEED MILLS
>>
>>(FDA licenses these mills to produce medicated feed
>>products. This licensing has nothing to do with handling
>>prohibited materials under the feed ban rule: 21 CFR
>>589.2000. A license from FDA is not required to handle
>>materials prohibited under 21 CFR 589.2000.)
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS WHOSE INITIAL INSPECTION HAS BEEN
>>REPORTED TO CVM - 1,203
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS HANDLING MATERIALS PROHIBITED FOR
>>USE IN RUMINANT FEED - 370 (31% of those firms
>>inspected/reported)
>> * Of the 370 licensed feed mills handling prohibited
>>materials, at their most recent inspection (could have
>>been an initial or a follow-up inspection):
>> - 8 (2%) had products that were not labeled as
>>required
>> - 2 (1%) did not have adequate systems to prevent
>>co-mingling
>> - 3 (1%) did not adequately follow record keeping
>>regulations
>> - 10 (3%) firms were found to be out of compliance
>>(some firms were out of compliance with more than one
>>aspect of the rule)
>>FEED MILLS NOT LICENSED BY FDA
>>
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS WHOSE INITIAL INSPECTION HAS BEEN
>>REPORTED TO CVM - 4,867
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS HANDLING MATERIALS PROHIBITED FOR
>>USE IN RUMINANT FEED - 1,224 (25% of those firms
>>inspected/reported)
>> * Of the 1,224 feed mills not licensed by FDA
>>handling prohibited materials, at their most recent
>>inspection (could have been an initial or a follow-up
>>inspection):
>> - 55 (4%) had products that were not labeled as
>>required
>> - 28 (2%) did not have adequate systems to prevent
>>co-mingling
>> - 28 (2%) did not adequately follow record keeping
>>regulations
>> - 86 (7%) firms were found to be out of compliance
>>(some firms were out of compliance with more than one
>>aspect of the rule)
>>OTHER FIRMS INSPECTED
>>
>>(Examples of such firms include: ruminant feeders, on-farm
>>mixers, protein blenders, and distributors.)
>>
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS WHOSE INITIAL INSPECTION HAS BEEN
>>REPORTED TO CVM - 4,710
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS HANDLING MATERIALS PROHIBITED FOR
>>USE IN RUMINANT FEED - 565 (12% of those firms
>>inspected/reported)
>> * Of the 565 such firms handling prohibited
>>materials, at their most recent inspection (could have
>>been an initial or a follow-up inspection):
>> - 17 (3%) had products that were not labeled as
>>required
>> - 2 (less than 1%) did not have adequate systems
>>to prevent co-mingling
>> - 7 (1%) did not adequately follow record keeping
>>regulations
>> - 25 (4%) firms were found to be out of compliance
>>(some firms were out of compliance with more than one
>>aspect of the rule)
>>TOTALS (as of March 11, 2002)
>>
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS WHOSE INITIAL INSPECTION HAS BEEN
>>REPORTED TO CVM - 10,458
>> *
>>
>> NUMBER OF FIRMS HANDLING MATERIALS PROHIBITED FOR
>>USE IN RUMINANT FEED - 2,153 (21% of those firms
>>inspected/reported)
>> * Of the 2,153 firms handling prohibited materials,
>>at their most recent inspection (could have been an
>>initial or a follow-up inspection):
>> - 77 (4%) had products that were not labeled as
>>required
>> - 34 (2%) did not have adequate systems to prevent
>>co-mingling
>> - 35 (2%) did not adequately follow record keeping
>>regulations
>> - 113 (5%) firms were found to be out of
>>compliance
>>RE-INSPECTIONS
>>
>>When firms are found to be out of compliance with the feed
>>ban rule, FDA lists them for a re-inspection. As of March
>>11, 2002, reports of 2,185 re-inspections have been
>>submitted to CVM. On re-inspection of these 2,185 firms,
>>32 (1%) were found still to be out of compliance with this
>>rule. Firms previously found to be not in compliance have
>>corrected problems through a variety of ways, including
>>further training of employees about the rule, developing
>>systems to prevent co-mingling, re-labeling their products
>>properly, and adhering to record keeping regulations.
>>Other firms have achieved compliance by eliminating
>>prohibited materials from their operations.
>>DATABASE CHANGE
>>
>>After March 11, 2002, FDA discontinued the database that
>>was used to compile these numbers. The Agency is starting
>>a new database on April 15, 2002, and future updates on
>>BSE enforcement will draw from it.
>>snip...
>>
>>http://www.fda.gov/cvm/index/fdavet/2002/May_June.htm#Rumi
>>nant
>>no where did it state that they would cease to publish the
>>ruminant-to-rumiant feed ban violations after the above
>>publication. so, again, where are these now being posted
>>on the web, what URL???
>>
>>let us look at a review of past ruminant BSE feed ban
>>warning letters. these are just the ones i found. most of
>>you have seen them in the past, but it does not hurt to
>>remind us of why they no longer post them to the public.
>>if that is the case?
>>
>>USA 8/4/97 RUMINANT-TO-RUMINANT FEED BAN that never was...
>>
>>'ANIMAL PROTEIN' SEARCH 9/9/02
>>==============================
>>
>>Darling International, Inc.
>>5/07/02
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Misbranded [PDF]
>>[HTML] All American Feed & Tractor
>>4/01/02
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Adulterated [PDF]
>>[HTML] Tyson Foods
>>2/12/02
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Misbranded [PDF]
>>[HTML] The Feed Bucket
>>12/11/01
>>Atlanta District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded [PDF]
>>[HTML] Finlayson Ag Center
>>11/08/01
>>Minneapolis District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Adulterated [PDF]
>>[HTML] Dixon Feeds, Inc.
>>10/24/01
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Adulterated [PDF]
>>[HTML] Buckeye Feed Mills, Inc.
>>9/20/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed/Adulterated/Misbranded [PDF]
>>[HTML] Wilcox Farms, Inc.
>>9/14/01
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed [PDF] [HTML]
>>
>>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/wlcfm/full_text.cfm?
>>full_text=animal+protein&Search=Search
>>now, compare search on 8/8/01...tss
>>===================================
>>
>>'ANIMAL PROTEIN' SEARCH 8/8/01
>>==============================
>>
>>Date: Tue, 28 Aug 2001 11:13:43 -0700
>>Reply-To: BSE-L
>>Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE-L
>>From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
>>Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTERS U.S.A. AUGUST 8,
>>2001
>>DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
>>
>>Food and Drug Administration
>>
>>Seattle District Pacific Region 22201 23rd Drive SE
>>Bothell, WA 98021-4421
>>Telephone: 426-486-8788 FAX: 426-483-4996
>>
>>August 8, 2001
>>
>>VIA CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
>>
>>In reply refer to Warning Letter SEA 01-75
>>
>>William W. Himmelspach, Owner 22195 S.W. 78th Tualatin,
>>Oregon 97062
>>WARNING LETTER
>>
>>Dear Mr. Himmelspach:
>>
>>An investigation at your animal feed manufacturing
>>operation located at 22195 S.W. 78th Tualatin, Oregon
>>97062, conducted by a Food and Drug Administration
>>investigator on July 12, 2001, found significant
>>deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21,
>>Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 - Animal
>>Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is
>>intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of
>>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Such deviations
>>cause products being manufactured at this facility to be
>>adulterated within the meaning of Section 402(a)(2)(C),
>>and 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
>>(the Act).
>>Our investigation found a failure to separate the receipt,
>>processing, and storage of the product containing
>>prohibited material from non-prohibited material; failure
>>to establish a written system, including clean-out and
>>flushing procedures, to avoid commingling and
>>cross-contamination of common equipment; and failure to
>>maintain records sufficient to track the materials
>>throughout the receipt, processing, and distribution of
>>your products.
>>In addition, our investigation found a failure to label
>>your products with the required cautionary, statement "Do
>>Not Feed to Cattle or Other Ruminants," Your pig feeds,
>>containing prohibited materials, were not labeled with the
>>cautionary statement, and you reuse poly-tote bags for
>>ruminant feed and pig feed, where the bags could become
>>contaminated with prohibited material. The FDA suggests
>>the statement be distinguished by different type size or
>>color or other means of highlighting the statement so that
>>it is easily noticed by a purchaser.
>>The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of
>>deviations from the regulations. As a manufacturer of
>>materials intended for animal feed use, you are
>>responsible for assuring that your overall operation and
>>the products you manufacture and distribute are in
>>compliance with
>>William W. Himmelspach Tualatin, Oregon Re: Warning Letter
>>SEA 01-75 Page 2
>>your overall operation and the products you manufacture
>>and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have
>>enclosed a copy of the FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide
>>to assist you with complying with the regulation.
>>
>>You should take prompt action to correct these violations,
>>and you should establish a system whereby such violations
>>do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations
>>may result in regulatory action without further notice,
>>such as seizure and/or injunction.
>>You should notify this office in writing within 15 working
>>days of receipt of this letter, of the steps you have
>>taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law.
>>Your response should include an explanation of each step
>>being taken to correct the violations, and prevent their
>>recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed in 15
>>working days, state the reason for the delay and the date
>>by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies
>>of any available documentation demonstrating that
>>corrections have been made.
>>Your reply should be directed to the Food and Drug
>>Administration, Attention: Bruce Williamson, Compliance
>>Officer. If you have any questions please contact Mr.
>>Williamson at (425) 483-4976.
>>Sincerely,
>>
>>Charles M. Breen District Director
>>
>>Enclosure; Form FDA 483 Small Entity Compliance Guide
>>
>>http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1619d.pdf
>>
>>Warning Letters Index - Search Form Results Company Name
>>Date Issued Issuing Office
>>
>>Subject
>>
>>File Adrian Elevator, Inc. 5/03/01 Minneapolis District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Alaska Garden and Pet Supply, Inc. 4/27/01
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Bryan Enterprises 2/20/01 Cincinnati District
>>Office Feed Mill/Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed/Adulterated
>>View File Carrollton Farmers Exchange 7/12/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Centerburg Mill and General Store, Inc 3/23/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Centerburg Mill and General Store, Inc. 5/23/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Central Ohio Farmers Cooperative, Inc. 5/24/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Animal Protein Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Champaign Landmark, Inc. 3/05/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed/Misbranded
>>View File Countryline Co-Op, Inc. 5/14/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Dorset Milling 4/16/01 Cincinnati District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Earl B. Olson Feed Mill 4/23/01 Minneapolis
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Faler Feed Store, Inc. 3/21/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Farmers Mill & Elevator Company 3/30/01 Atlanta
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Farnam Companies, Inc. 7/20/01 Kansas City
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed/Adulterated
>>View File Greeley Elevator Company 4/04/01 Denver District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Hartville Elevator Company, Inc. 2/22/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Feed Mill/Animal Proteins
>>Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Adulterated
>>View File Himmelspach, William W. 8/08/01 Seattle District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Integral Fish Foods, Inc. 6/12/01 Denver
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Jefferson Milling Company 4/16/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Lime Creek Ag Services, Inc. 4/25/01 Minneapolis
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Material Resources LLC 5/04/01 Chicago District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Material Resources, LLC 5/04/01 Chicago District
>>Office Animal Protein Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Medina Landmark, Inc. 3/23/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Minister Farmers Cooperative Exchange, Inc.
>>4/10/01 Cincinnati District Office Animal Proteins
>>Prohibited in Ruminant Feed/Feed Mill
>>View File Peco Foods, Inc. 2/23/01 New Orleans District
>>Office CGMP Requirements for Medicated Feeds/Animal
>>Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>View File Perry Coal and Feed Company 4/16/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Rietdyk's Milling Company 3/05/01 Seattle
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File River Valley Co-Op 3/22/01 Cincinnati District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibeted in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File River Valley Co-Op 5/22/01 Cincinnati District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Round Lake Farmers Coop. 5/30/01 Minneapolis
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Rudy, Inc. 3/22/01 Cincinnati District Office
>>Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Rudy, Inc. 5/22/01 Cincinnati District Office
>>Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Sandy Lake Mills 4/09/01 Philadelphia District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Shields Feed and Supply Company 3/07/01 New
>>Orleans District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Stewart's Farm Supply 3/21/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Superior Feeds 6/06/01 Seattle District Office
>>Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File The Scoular Company 5/30/01 Minneapolis District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File University of Minnesota 5/10/01 Minneapolis
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Valley Feed Mill, Inc. 5/22/01 Cincinnati
>>District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant
>>Feed
>>View File Wallowa County Grain Growers, Inc. 5/17/01
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Wallowa County Grain Growers, Inc. 5/17/01
>>Seattle District Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Western Reserve Farm Cooperative 3/21/01
>>Cincinnati District Office Animal Protein Prohibited in
>>Ruminant Feed
>>View File Yachere Feed, Inc. 4/09/01 Philadelphia District
>>Office Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File Z & W Mill, Inc. 3/27/01 Denver District Office
>>Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed
>>
>>View File
>>
>>http://63.75.126.221/scripts/wlcfm/resultswl.cfm
>>
>>(TYPE IN 'ANIMAL PROTEIN')
>>
>>we must not forget the ANIMAL PROTEIN FED TO DEER/ELK.
>>those warning letters were stopped long ago;
>>
>>Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES
>>Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 -0700
>>From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."
>>Reply-To: BSE-L
>>To: BSE-L
>>
>>8420-20.5% Antler Developer
>>For Deer and Game in the wild
>>Guaranteed Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding
>>Directions
>>snip...
>>
>>_animal protein_
>>
>>http://www.surefed.com/deer.htm
>>
>>BODE'S GAME FEED SUPPLEMENT #400
>>A RATION FOR DEER
>>NET WEIGHT 50 POUNDS
>>22.6 KG.
>>
>>snip...
>>
>>_animal protein_
>>
>>http://www.bodefeed.com/prod7.htm
>>
>>Ingredients
>>
>>Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain
>>By-Products, Forage Products, Roughage Products 15%,
>>Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__,
>>snip...
>>
>>http://www.bodefeed.com/prod6.htm
>>===================================
>>
>>MORE ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR DEER
>>
>>Bode's #1 Game Pellets
>>A RATION FOR DEER
>>F3153
>>
>>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
>>Crude Protein (Min) 16%
>>Crude Fat (Min) 2.0%
>>snip...
>>
>>Ingredients
>>
>>Grain Products, Plant Protein Products, Processed Grain
>>By-Products, Forage Products, Roughage Products, 15%
>>Molasses Products, __Animal Protein Products__,
>>Monocalcium Phosphate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Salt,
>>snip...
>>
>>FEEDING DIRECTIONS
>>Feed as Creep Feed with Normal Diet
>>
>>http://www.bodefeed.com/prod8.htm
>>
>>INGREDIENTS
>>
>>Grain Products, Roughage Products (not more than 35%),
>>Processed Grain By-Products, Plant Protein Products,
>>Forage Products, __Animal Protein Products__,
>>L-Lysine, Calcium Carbonate, Salt, Monocalcium/Dicalcium
>>snip...
>>
>>DIRECTIONS FOR USE
>>
>>Deer Builder Pellets is designed to be fed to deer under
>>range conditions or deer that require higher levels of
>>protein. Feed to deer during gestation, fawning,
>>lactation, antler growth and pre-rut, all phases which
>>require a higher level of nutrition. Provide adequate
>>amounts of good quality roughage and fresh water at all
>>times.
>>http://www.profilenutrition.com/Pro...er_pellets.html
>>
>>DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
>>PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
>>FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
>>
>>April 9, 2001 WARNING LETTER
>>
>>01-PHI-12
>>CERTIFIED MAIL
>>RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED
>>
>>Brian J. Raymond, Owner
>>Sandy Lake Mills
>>26 Mill Street
>>P.O. Box 117
>>Sandy Lake, PA 16145
>>PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT
>>
>>Tel: 215-597-4390
>>
>>Dear Mr. Raymond:
>>
>>Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E.
>>Beichner conducted an inspection of your animal feed
>>manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake,
>>Pennsylvania, on March 23, 2001, and determined that your
>>firm manufactures animal feeds including feeds containing
>>prohibited materials. The inspection found significant
>>deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21,
>>code of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal
>>Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is
>>intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of
>>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such deviations
>>cause products being manufactured at this facility to be
>>misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f), of the
>>Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).
>>Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed
>>with the required cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to
>>cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests that the
>>statement be distinguished by different type-size or color
>>or other means of highlighting the statement so that it is
>>easily noticed by a purchaser.
>>In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140
>>pounds of cracked corn to flush your mixer used in the
>>manufacture of animal feeds containing prohibited
>>material. This flushed material is fed to wild game
>>including deer, a ruminant animal. Feed material which may
>>potentially contain prohibited material should not be fed
>>to ruminant animals which may become part of the food
>>chain.
>>The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of
>>deviations from the regulations. As a manufacturer of
>>materials intended for animal feed use, you are
>>responsible for assuring that your overall operation and
>>the products you manufacture and distribute are in
>>compliance with the law. We have enclosed a copy of FDA's
>>Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying
>>with the regulation... blah, blah, blah...
>>http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf
>>===================================================
>
>
> SNIP...
>
> TSS
>
> ########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############

Tuesday, July 27, 2010

Spontaneous generation of mammalian prions

Spontaneous generation of mammalian prions


Julie A. Edgeworth, Nathalie Gros, Jack Alden, Susan Joiner, Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Jackie Linehan, Sebastian Brandner, Graham S. Jackson, Charles Weissmann1,2, and John Collinge1 + Author Affiliations

Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom ? 2Present address: Department of Infectology, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458.

Edited by David S. Eisenberg, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved June 29, 2010 (received for review March 28, 2010)

Abstract Prions are transmissible agents that cause lethal neurodegeneration in humans and other mammals. Prions bind avidly to metal surfaces such as steel wires and, when surface-bound, can initiate infection of brain or cultured cells with remarkable efficiency. While investigating the properties of metal-bound prions by using the scrapie cell assay to measure infectivity, we observed, at low frequency, positive assay results in control groups in which metal wires had been coated with uninfected mouse brain homogenate. This phenomenon proved to be reproducible in rigorous and exhaustive control experiments designed to exclude prion contamination. The infectivity generated in cell culture could be readily transferred to mice and had strain characteristics distinct from the mouse-adapted prion strains used in the laboratory. The apparent ”spontaneous generation” of prions from normal brain tissue could result if the metal surface, possibly with bound cofactors, catalyzed de novo formation of prions from normal cellular prion protein. Alternatively, if prions were naturally present in the brain at levels not detectable by conventional methods, metal surfaces might concentrate them to the extent that they become quantifiable by the scrapie cell assay.

snip...

Discussion Human prion diseases may be acquired, inherited (with pathogenic germline mutation in PRNP) or sporadic, probably as a consequence of rare, stochastic de novo formation of prions (25).

Deleault et al. (8) reported de novo generation of prions by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) procedure, using PrPC purified from normal brain as substrate. However, the resulting strain could not be distinguished from RML. Generation of novel prion strains by PMCA was also reported by Barria et al. (26) and by Wang et al. in a novel PMCA system based on purified recombinant PrP, a synthetic anionic lipid and liver RNA (10).

Prion strains, even those subjected to biological cloning, may be heterogeneous at a molecular level and consist of an ensemble or quasispecies which may be selected by, and adapt in, different hosts (23, 24). According to such a model, this novel strain may have been selected from an ensemble of spontaneous prions as the preferred molecular species for stable propagation in PK1 cells, essentially adapting to PK1 cells in a similar way in which RML prions appear to have done.

PrPSc could occur at very low levels in healthy brains, almost never reaching levels that lead to disease (27). If so, “uninfected” brain homogenates might contain undetected PrPSc seeds that are concentrated on steel wires (16) and infect PK1 cells in our experiments. However, if normal brain is devoid of prions, our results mean that infectivity is generated de novo, perhaps by a mechanism in which seed formation is catalyzed by the steel surface (Fig. S1). It is also possible that brain lipids and/or RNA, known to be able to act as cofactors in some experimental systems (8, 10), could have bound to wires and played a role in triggering de novo prion formation in PK1 cells.

This raises the question as to whether “spontaneous prions” are indeed generated de novo or whether brains from uninfected animals contain a low level of prions that are concentrated by adsorption to the wire surface and thereby rendered detectable by the SCA. Differentiating between these possibilities is a challenging one but could be achieved by kinetic experiments: propagation of preexistent seed should be proportional to brain homogenate concentration; de novo seed formation would be a higher-order function of concentration (28, 29).

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/07/16/1004036107.abstract?etoc



This article contains supporting information online at

http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2010/07/18/1004036107.DCSupplemental



FULL TEXT PDF ;

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/07/16/1004036107.full.pdf+html



Greetings,

SO, problem solved ? Are we all suppose to believe that the atypical BSE strains and sporadic CJD strains, are just another happenstance of spontaneous mutation in all cases, just an old cow disease such as sporadic CJD in humans i.e. old people disease, another spontaneous mutation in all cases of sporadic CJD. SO, we are suppose to believe that out of all these atypical BSE cases popping up around the globe, NONE were caused by feed ? I don't believe that for a New York minute. I don't believe all cases of sporadic CJD are all spontaneous either. Either the UKBSEnvCJD theory was totally wrong, or this BSe that all other TSE are of a spontaneous mutation is wrong. You cannot have your cake, and eat it too.

With headlines like, Contact with steel 'linked to CJD' , or Infectious prions can suddenly erupt from normal brain tissue , or infectious prions can arise spontaneously in normal brain tissue , I decided to wait and look at the study. glad I did. nothing about this study shows that 85% to 90% of all human TSE i.e. the sporadic CJD's show they are a spontaneous generation from nothing. It does however cause confusion, of which, in my opinion, could have been resolved. I will ask the same question here, I ask Professor Stanley Prusiner, of which I never did receive an answer, I ask this same question. OF this supposedly Spontaneous generation of mammalian prions in this study, does this mean all sporadic CJD is spontaneous? does it mean half ? does in mean one third, one tenth, one hundredth, one thousandth, one millionth, just exactly what ? what does this really show ? Does this study show what many officials and industry is hoping, that it is all spontaneous mutation from nothing ? IF so, why did the authors of this study not explain this ? THERE is something terribly wrong with this prion and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory. It just does not compute, and I believe that this study raises more questions than answers. I believe that the authors of this study should have explained better whether or not this study shows that indeed all cases of sporadic CJD are of a spontaneous mutation cause, or not. They could have done a much better job of explaining what this study shows, or what it _does not_ show, and in my opinion, it damn sure does not show that all cases of sporadic CJD strains, and or atypical BSE strains arise spontaneously, a natural mutation, without any route and source of agent. But, this is what this study insinuates, and that is how it will be interpreted by industry groups and officials. I think the Authors of this study could have better interpreted that to the public, either way, either sporadic CJD is all spontaneous, or not, if not, how much is spontaneous. After 2+ decades of debating this, they owe the public this in my opinion. Stand Tall and tell us how much of this spontaneous mutation from nothing, how much of the 85% to 90% of all human TSE (well, maybe more than that IF you include the infamous sporadic FFI?) i.e. sporadic CJD, how much of this spontaneous mutation from nothing does this consist of ? 1 in a 100 cases, 1 in a thousand, 1 in a million, 1 in a billion, of sporadic CJD and sFFI cases etc. ? please tell me, or at least tell the public that this study does NOT insinuate what it does.

My reply and question to Professor Stanley Prusiner (of which he never would answer), the same question I now address to Julie A. Edgeworth, Nathalie Gros, Jack Alden, Susan Joiner, Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Jackie Linehan, Sebastian Brandner, Graham S. Jackson, Charles Weissmann1,2, and John Collinge1 + Author Affiliations. ...

REPORT ON MEASURES RELATING TO BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN THE UNITED STATES Terry S. Singeltary Sr. February 11, 2004

Greetings,

as a lay person;-) i am thankful for Dr. Prusiners report below. I only wish that he would elaborate on the spontaneous aspect of sporadic CJD and how many of the 85%+ of all CJDs does he think happens spontaneously without route and source of the agent? I am concerned that people who read this, will come to the conclusion that all sporadic CJDs are a spontaneous mutation, when in reality all sporadic CJD is, is CJD from unknown route and source and they could be many. in fact, there could be many phenotypes of CJD that are now called sporadic CJD...

snip...full text ;

http://www.agobservatory.org/library.cfm?refID=30406



Stanley Prusiner comments January 27, 2004 ;

Statement from Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D., about ‘Mad Cow’ disease in the United States - January 27, 2004

Thank you, I am pleased to be here to address the Food Safety Caucus of the House of Representatives of the United States Congress about Mad Cow disease. I appear here as a concerned citizen, a loving parent, a dedicated physician specializing in Neurology, an educator who is a Professor of Neurology at the University of California, and scientist-businessman who is the Founder of InPro Biotechnology. I am also an expert on prion diseases, one of which is Mad Cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, often-abbreviated BSE. Both Federal and State Governments now find themselves embroiled over concerns over Mad Cow disease after Secretary of Agriculture, Ann Veneman, announced on December 23, 2003, that a 6.5-year-old cow from Mabton, Washington, had been diagnosed with Mad Cow disease. I would like to discuss five points concerning Mad Cow disease and what I believe should be done in our country to combat this malady.

1. Prions cause Mad Cow disease: First, Mad Cow disease is caused by an infectious agent that is so small that it cannot even be seen with the most powerful microscopes. These small infectious agents are called prions. Although large aggregates of prions can be studied with electron microscopes, we still cannot see the individual prions. For more than a century, viruses that can be seen in the electron microscope were the smallest known microbes. But, prions are much smaller than viruses and this extremely small size makes prions extremely difficult to kill.

2. Prion disease is always fatal: Second, prions cause severe destruction of the brain. The prion diseases of humans and animals are 100% fatal. Indeed, everyone with prion disease eventually dies. A single prion is sufficient to initiate the multiplication process that results in hundreds of prions being made followed by thousands, then millions and finally billions. It is well documented that billions of prions destroy the brain and spinal cord. From a wide variety of biomedical investigations, we know that prions from cattle can infect humans and destroy their brains. More than 150 teenagers and young adults in Europe have died of prion disease that they contracted after eating prion tainted beef or beef products.

3. Spontaneously induced prions: Third, prions arise spontaneously. This is an extremely important concept; furthermore, the ability to arise spontaneously is a feature that distinguishes prions from viruses. Any mammal is capable of producing prions spontaneously.

2

In humans, the most common form of prion disease results from the spontaneous formation of prions. Despite decades of looking for prions in the environment, there is no evidence for exposure to prions in spontaneous cases of prion disease.

The initial event in an epidemic of human prion disease referred to as kuru must have been a spontaneous case of prion disease. Once kuru prions arose spontaneously, they were propagated by ritualistic cannibalism that was practiced among New Guinea natives. While halting cannibalism of dead relatives resulted in the disappearance of kuru in a small population of natives, it did not eliminate the spontaneous formation of human prions. Similarly, stopping industrial cannibalism where cattle are fed the rendered offal of other cattle has diminished the number of cattle with BSE in Britain but will not prevent spontaneous prions from being formed. Thus, while changing feeding practices for cattle will stop the amplification of prions, it will not prevent the spontaneous formation of bovine prions.

As I said, prions can develop spontaneously within any mammal. We don’t know what triggers this process but there are several reasonable hypotheses, one or more of which may eventually explain the spontaneous formation of prions.

4. The Japanese solution: Fourth, I cannot understand as the father of two daughters and the uncle of a niece and nephew why our country remains unwilling to adopt the Japanese policy of testing every cow and bull destined for consumption by humans. I have difficulty explaining to these young people that the beef in Japan is safer than that in the U.S.

The United States has the same problem that the Japan has, but the Japanese test all of the cattle that they slaughter. This issue particularly troubles children when they learn that the time from exposure to prions until the onset of neurological disease can exceed 50 years. Some New Guinea natives developed kuru more than 50 years after ingesting prions during cannibalistic feasts.

5. Prion science is new: Fifth, the science of prions is still very young. Only 25 years ago, I discovered prions and named these unprecedented infectious agents. Thus, the naysayers, who continue to deny the existence of prions, should not surprise you. A chorus of naysayers has always accompanied big changes in scientific thinking. When Galileo wrote about the planets orbiting the sun, he was imprisoned. How dare he think that the earth was not the center of universe? From the time that Einstein proposed his special theory of relatively in 1905 until his death 50 years later, the naysayers scorned him almost daily. Each week, at least two or three letters arrived at his Princeton office that declared him insane and his theories impossible. Only his death terminated this non-sense! Philip Semelweiss, a Viennese obstetrician, was eventually admitted to an insane asylum. Semelweiss was ridiculed mercilessly for proposing that his

3

colleagues could prevent deadly bacterial infections in mothers after childbirth if they would only wash their hands between the deliveries of newborn infants. And few believed Alfred Wagener when he proposed continental drift as a mechanism to explain the shapes and positions of the landmasses on our planet.

I recited a few instances of “scientific heresy” to place the discovery of prions in some perspective for you. For much of my career, I faced a legion of scientists who vehemently argued that prions couldn’t exist! They yelled, “prions are nonsense. They are impossible!” Twenty-five years after my discovery of prions, there remain some people who are still unable or unwilling to comprehend the novel concepts of prion biology. The famous German physicist Max Planck encountered many naysayers when he and others set forth the principles of quantum mechanics. In frustration, Planck once remarked, “a new scientific truth does not win out by convincing its opponents, rather they eventually die off and a whole generation familiar with it grows up.”

In non-scientific terms, prions must be considered new, strange and scary microbes by any measure. Twenty-five years ago, there were no prions – now the biology of prions is taught in every medical school throughout the world. Prion biology is also taught in many high schools and most colleges. Moreover, the word “prion” appears in every dictionary.

Because the discovery of prions ushered in major changes in our thinking, your duties as Congresswomen and Congressmen have and will continue to be subject to much misinformation with respect to Mad Cow disease. But I hasten to add that this is inevitable when an entirely new field of science emerges. Despite the fact that prions were once branded scientific heresy and are now considered orthodoxy by most scholars, the naysayers still exist. This means that you and your staff will hear some opinions that are not based on the body of scientific knowledge that has been accumulated over the past quarter century. Instead, you will hear views that ignore a constantly enlarging body of scientific information that has been verified by experimental studies.

Concluding remarks: In conclusion, from studies over the past half-century, we know that people should not eat prions, particularly prions of human or bovine origin. I want to reiterate that the problem of prion contamination in the food supply will not disappear. If we do nothing, confidence in the safety of food supply will only continue to erode. The sooner we face the problem of prion contamination, the more easily we shall be able to contain it. Only the Japanese solution of testing every slaughtered cow or bull will eliminate prions from the food supply and restore consumer confidence. Certainly, the citizens of the most prosperous and accomplished nation on our planet deserve to eat meat that is devoid of prions.

http://www.agobservatory.org/library.cfm?refID=30405



2010 atypical BSE

To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.

http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2



Saturday, June 12, 2010

PUBLICATION REQUEST AND FOIA REQUEST Project Number: 3625-32000-086-05 Study of Atypical Bse

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/publication-request-and-foia-request.html



14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases H-type and L-type Atypical BSE January 2010 (special pre-congress edition)

18.173 page 189

Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE

A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada

Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.

Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions.At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.

Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathogenesis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types. Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.


http://www.isid.org/14th_icid/


http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/IMED2009_AbstrAuth.pdf


http://www.isid.org/publications/ICID_Archive.shtml



14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -

Final Abstract Number: ISE.114

Session: International Scientific Exchange

Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America

update October 2009

T. Singeltary

Bacliff, TX, USA

Background:

An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.

Methods:

12 years independent research of available data

Results:

I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.

Conclusion:

I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.

see page 114 ;


http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf



Sent: Friday, April 16, 2010 11:38 AM Subject: PRO-MED ATYPICAL SCRAPIE

Background -----------

"Retrospective studies have identified cases predating the initial identification of this form of scrapie, and epidemiological studies have indicated that it does not conform to the behaviour of an infectious disease, giving rise to the hypothesis that it represents spontaneous disease. However, atypical scrapie isolates have been shown to be infectious experimentally, through intracerebral inoculation in transgenic mice and sheep. [Many of the neurological diseases can be transmitted by intracerebral inoculation, which causes this moderator to approach intracerebral studies as a tool for study, but not necessarily as a direct indication of transmissibility of natural diseases. - Mod.TG]

"The 1st successful challenge of a sheep with 'field' atypical scrapie from an homologous donor sheep was reported in 2007.

"Results --------

"This study demonstrates that atypical scrapie has distinct clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics which are maintained on transmission and sub-passage, and which are distinct from other strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in the same host genotype.

"Conclusions ------------

Atypical scrapie is consistently transmissible within AHQ homozygous sheep, and the disease phenotype is preserved on sub-passage."

Lastly, this moderator wishes to thank Terry Singletary for some of his behind the scenes work of providing citations and references for this posting. - Mod.TG]

The HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map of Australia is available at . - Sr.Tech.Ed.MJ]


http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:962575216785367::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,81729



Archive Number 20100405.1091 Published Date 05-APR-2010

Subject PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 1010 (04)

snip...

[Terry S. Singeltary Sr. has added the following comment:

"According to the World Health Organisation, the future public health threat of vCJD in the UK and Europe and potentially the rest of the world is of concern and currently unquantifiable. However, the possibility of a significant and geographically diverse vCJD epidemic occurring over the next few decades cannot be dismissed.


The key word here is diverse. What does diverse mean? If USA scrapie transmitted to USA bovine does not produce pathology as the UK c-BSE, then why would CJD from there look like UK vCJD?"


http://www.promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:568933508083034::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,82101



Monday, March 29, 2010

CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER


>>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<<


http://recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=8


http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2:frontpage&catid=1:frontpage



WHY IS IT THE 'GOLD STANDARD' TO IGNORE THIS SCIENCE $$$


2008 Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 December; 14(12): 1898-1901. doi: 10.3201/eid1412.080941. PMCID: PMC2634647 Copyright notice


Transmission of Atypical Bovine Prions to Mice Transgenic for Human Prion Protein


Vincent Béringue, Laëtitia Herzog, Fabienne Reine, Annick Le Dur, Cristina Casalone, Jean-Luc Vilotte, and Hubert Laude Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France (V. Béringue, L. Herzog, F. Reine, A. Le Dur, J.-L. Vilotte, H. Laude) Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (C. Casalone) Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Vincent Béringue, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; email: vincent.beringue@jouy.inra.fr


This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.


Abstract


To assess risk for cattle-to-human transmission of prions that cause uncommon forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), we inoculated mice expressing human PrP Met129 with field isolates. Unlike classical BSE agent, L-type prions appeared to propagate in these mice with no obvious transmission barrier. H-type prions failed to infect the mice.


Keywords: prions, BSE, PrP, strains, transgenic mice, dispatch


Abstract


The epizootic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is under control in European countries >20 years after the first cases were diagnosed in the United Kingdom. Thus far, BSE is the only animal prion disease known to have been transmitted to humans, leading to a variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) (1). The large-scale testing of livestock nervous tissues for the presence of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) has enabled assessment of BSE prevalence and exclusion of BSE-infected animals from human food (2). This active surveillance has led to the recognition of 2 variant PrPres molecular signatures, termed H-type and L-type BSE. They differ from that of classical BSE by having protease-resistant fragments of a higher (H) or a slightly lower (L) molecular mass, respectively, and different patterns of glycosylation (3-5). Both types have been detected worldwide as rare cases in older animals, at a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of prion diseases in cattle (6). Their experimental transmission to mice transgenic for bovine PrP demonstrated the infectious nature of such cases and the existence of distinct prion strains in cattle (5,7-9). Like the classical BSE agent, H- and L-type prions can propagate in heterologous species (7-11). Thus, both agents are transmissible to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP (VRQ allele). Although H-type molecular properties are conserved on these mice (9), L-type prions acquire molecular and neuropathologic phenotypic traits undistinguishable from BSE or BSE-related agents that have followed the same transmission history (7). Similar findings have been reported in wild-type mice (8). An understanding of the transmission properties of these newly recognized prions when confronted with the human PrP sequence is needed. In a previous study, we measured kinetics of PrPres deposition in the brain to show that L-type prions replicate faster than BSE prions in experimentally inoculated mice that express human PrP (7). In a similar mouse model, the L-type agent (alternatively named BASE) was also shown to produce overt disease with an attack rate of ~30% (12). However, no strict comparison with BSE agent has been attempted. As regards the H-type agent, its potential virulence for mice that express human PrP Met129 remains to be assessed. We now report comparative transmission data for these atypical and classical BSE prions.

snip...

Conclusions

We found that atypical L-type bovine prions can propagate in human PrP transgenic mice with no significant transmission barrier. Lack of a barrier is supported by the 100% attack rate, the absence of reduction of incubation time on secondary passage, and the conservation of PrPres electrophoretic profile. In comparison, transmission of classical BSE agent to the same mice showed a substantial barrier. Indeed, 3 passages were necessary to reach a degree of virulence comparable to that of vCJD agent in these mice (13), which likely reflects progressive adaptation of the agent to its new host. At variance with the successful transmission of classical BSE and L-type agents, H-type agent failed to infect tg650 mice. These mice overexpress human PrP and were inoculated intracranially with a low dilution inoculum (10% homogenate). Therefore, this result supports the view that the transmission barrier of BSE-H from cattle to humans might be quite robust. It also illustrates the primacy of the strain over PrP sequence matching for cross-species transmission of prions (15). Extrapolation of our data raises the theoretical possibility that the zoonotic risk associated with BSE-L prions might be higher than that associated with classical BSE, at least for humans carrying the Met129 PrP allele. This information underlines the need for more intensive investigations, in particular regarding the tissue tropism of this agent. Its ability to colonize lymphoid tissues is a potential, key factor for a successful transmission by peripheral route. This issue is currently being explored in the tg650 mice. Although recent data in humanized mice suggested that BSE-L agent is likely to be lymphotropic (12), preliminary observations in our model suggested that its ability to colonize such tissues is comparatively much lower than that of classical BSE agent.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634647/



2002

BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein

Emmanuel A. Asante, Jacqueline M. Linehan, Melanie Desbruslais, Susan Joiner, Ian Gowland, Andrew L. Wood, Julie Welch, Andrew F. Hill, Sarah E. Lloyd, Jonathan D.F. Wadsworth, and John Collinge1 MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 1Corresponding author e-mail: j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.ukReceived August 1, 2002; Revised September 24, 2002; Accepted October 17, 2002. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Other Sections?

Abstract

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has been recognized to date only in individuals homozygous for methionine at PRNP codon 129. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human PrP methionine 129, inoculated with either bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant CJD prions, may develop the neuropathological and molecular phenotype of vCJD, consistent with these diseases being caused by the same prion strain. Surprisingly, however, BSE transmission to these transgenic mice, in addition to producing a vCJD-like phenotype, can also result in a distinct molecular phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of sporadic CJD with PrPSc type 2. These data suggest that more than one BSE-derived prion strain might infect humans; it is therefore possible that some patients with a phenotype consistent with sporadic CJD may have a disease arising from BSE exposure.

Keywords: BSE/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease/prion/transgenic

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136957/?tool=pubmed



2004

Originally published in Science Express on 11 November 2004 Science 3 December 2004: Vol. 306. no. 5702, pp. 1793 - 1796 DOI: 10.1126/science.1103932

Reports Human Prion Protein with Valine 129 Prevents Expression of Variant CJD Phenotype Jonathan D. F. Wadsworth, Emmanuel A. Asante, Melanie Desbruslais, Jacqueline M. Linehan, Susan Joiner, Ian Gowland, Julie Welch, Lisa Stone, Sarah E. Lloyd, Andrew F. Hill,* Sebastian Brandner, John Collinge

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a unique and highly distinctive clinicopathological and molecular phenotype of human prion disease associated with infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-like prions. Here, we found that generation of this phenotype in transgenic mice required expression of human prion protein (PrP) with methionine 129. Expression of human PrP with valine 129 resulted in a distinct phenotype and, remarkably, persistence of a barrier to transmission of BSE-derived prions on subpassage. Polymorphic residue 129 of human PrP dictated propagation of distinct prion strains after BSE prion infection. Thus, primary and secondary human infection with BSE-derived prions may result in sporadic CJD-like or novel phenotypes in addition to vCJD, depending on the genotype of the prion source and the recipient.

Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.

* Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.uk

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5702/1793



2008

Prominent and Persistent Extraneural Infection in Human PrP Transgenic Mice Infected with Variant CJD

The evolution of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic is hazardous to predict due to uncertainty in ascertaining the prevalence of infection and because the disease might remain asymptomatic or produce an alternate, sporadic-like phenotype.

Transgenic mice were produced that overexpress human prion protein with methionine at codon 129, the only allele found so far in vCJD-affected patients. These mice were infected with prions derived from variant and sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases by intracerebral or intraperitoneal route, and transmission efficiency and strain phenotype were analyzed in brain and spleen. We showed that i) the main features of vCJD infection in humans, including a prominent involvement of the lymphoid tissues compared to that in sCJD infection were faithfully reproduced in such mice; ii) transmission of vCJD agent by intracerebral route could lead to the propagation of either vCJD or sCJD-like prion in the brain, whereas vCJD prion was invariably propagated in the spleen, iii) after peripheral exposure, inefficient neuroinvasion was observed, resulting in an asymptomatic infection with life-long persistence of vCJD prion in the spleen at stable and elevated levels.

Our findings emphasize the possibility that human-to-human transmission of vCJD might produce alternative neuropathogical phenotypes and that lymphoid tissue examination of CJD cases classified as sporadic might reveal an infection by vCJD-type prions. They also provide evidence for the strong propensity of this agent to establish long-lasting, subclinical vCJD infection of lymphoreticular tissues, thus amplifying the risk for iatrogenic transmission.

snip...

Discussion Top In this study we used tg650 mice, a newly developed transgenic line expressing human PrPC, to investigate some aspects of the pathogenesis of vCJD infection. As main findings, we demonstrate that prion strain divergence can occur upon transmission of human, primary vCJD to such mice, and that peripheral challenge leads to an asymptomatic, life-long infection of the lymphoid compartment. A feature of tg650 mice is that following primary intracerebral vCJD challenge they developed a neurological disease with typically 100% attack rate, unlike for previously established PrP129Met, including overexpressing lines [16], [19]. The mean survival time - typically around 500 days in homozygous mice - did not change notably on subpassaging, implying that vCJD agent might clinically infect the tg650 mice with little or no transmission barrier. This discrepant result may reflect the use of different constructs and genetic backgrounds (Text S1), and the transgene expression levels, although the latter does not seem to greatly differ as far as the tg650+/- and tg45 mice [16] are concerned.

A surprising result of these studies is the alternate pattern of disease that was induced by one of the inoculated vCJD cases, a WHO reference case here designated vCJD no. 4. Indeed, while vCJD strain features were faithfully propagated in the majority of tg650 mice, almost half of the vCJD 4-inoculated mice were found to propagate a prion replicating faster than vCJD agent, and exhibiting sCJD-like PrPres and neuropathological features. Although strain divergence upon transmission of BSE/vCJD agent to mice was reported to occur in earlier studies [16], [24], it was unprecedented within a context of homotypic transmission, i.e. full matching between the donor and receiver PrP sequences. To address the issue of a possible contamination, we performed independent transmission experiments, involving separate inoculum batches of the incriminated case, which all produced consistent results. Therefore, we consider the data inconsistent with contamination of the VCJD no. 4 material by a sCJD infectious source within our laboratory. An alternate possibility, i.e. a cross-contamination of the source material, was judged highly improbable owing to the procedures applied during the collect of the specimen and the preparation of the homogenates ([25] and P. Minor, personal communication). On the other hand, our observation intriguingly parallels the phenotypic disjunction observed upon transmission of BSE agent to human PrP129Met mice (tg35 line [16]). Together, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that a minor strain component might be created upon cattle-to-human transmission of BSE agent and could emerge upon subsequent human-to-human transmission. It is also worth mentioning that, while the probability to detect such a variant through mouse bioassay would be expected to depend on the amount - and possibly the regions - of brain tissue taken to establish the source material, the vCJD-4 homogenate was prepared using a larger amount of tissue from the same brain than for the other homogenates analyzed in this study (i.e. 100 mg instead of 1 mg of frontal cortex [25]).

The above finding has obvious implications in terms of public health as it raises the concern that some humans iatrogenically infected by vCJD agent may develop a clinical disease that would not be recognized as of vCJD origin [17], [26]. Strikingly however, all vCJD-4-inoculated mice, notwithstanding the strain phenotype divergence propagated bona fide vCJD agent in their spleen, based on the PrPres pattern and the disease phenotype produced by secondary transmission to tg650 mice. This result is of direct relevance to the diagnosis of variant and sporadic CJD. Indeed, looking for peripheral lymphoreticular deposition of abnormal PrP on cases diagnosed as sporadic CJD might reveal a vCJD infection resulting from human-to-human, or cattle-to-human transmission. In this respect, it would be of interest to examine whether BSE-inoculated tg35 mice showing discordant PrPres signatures [16], or vCJD-challenged PrP129Val transgenic mice producing 'type 5' prion in their brain [17] do accumulate PrPvCJD in their spleens. In any case, our findings provide clear evidence that, as a consequence of strain-related tropism disparities, the same mouse can propagate different prions in different tissues following a single infection event.

Another salient finding emerging from this study was the remarkable ability of vCJD agent to establish asymptomatic infection despite sustained, life-long propagation in extraneural tissues. When challenged peripherally, tg650 mice remained asymptomatic over the whole observation period, and did not accumulate PrPres at detectable levels in their brain before 750 days pi, near the life end-stage. In the spleen of these mice however, PrPres accumulation reached its maximum at an early stage of infection, and remained at stable and substantial levels until death. Plateauing of prion infection in the spleen is consistent with earlier observations, and has been suggested to reflect an exhaustion of target cells (for review [22]) Importantly, the spleen tissue was highly infectious as it killed 100% of intracerebrally challenged mice within the minimal mean incubation time (~500 days). Altogether these data support the view that the sustained multiplication of the vCJD prion in lymphoid tissues was not accompanied by an efficient neuroinvasion in tg650 mice. Such an extremely delayed neuroinvasion appears to be rare in TSE rodent models, and to our knowledge was only reported for the mouse-adapted strain 87V on IM mice infected intraperitoneally with diluted inoculum [27]. Clearly, while early accumulation of prions in lymphoid tissues may be essential for efficient neuroinvasion [22], efficient lymphoinvasion does not inevitably lead to rapid neuroinvasion. This finding strengthens the notion that humans infected by vCJD from a human source - including individuals of the MM genotype - might remain clinically asymptomatic for a very prolonged period of time while harboring relatively high levels of prion infectivity in their lymphoid tissues from an early stage of infection on, thereby amplifying the risk of iatrogenic transmission. It also supports the view that the large-scale survey of lymphoreticular tissues [28] may lead to a reliable assessment of the actual prevalence of vCJD infection in the UK population.

Finally, the human PrP transgenic model described in this study may help to further our understanding of peripheral vCJD pathogenesis, for instance in trying to identify factors that might enhance neuroinvasion efficiency, or modulate the shedding of prion infectivity from the lymphoreticular to the blood compartment. Moreover, preliminary results indicate that the search for abnormal PrP in the spleen of such mice culled at time intervals post infection [29], [30] could allow the detection of low levels of vCJD infectivity within a reasonably short time scale.

Citation: Béringue V, Le Dur A, Tixador P, Reine F, Lepourry L, et al. (2008) Prominent and Persistent Extraneural Infection in Human PrP Transgenic Mice Infected with Variant CJD. PLoS ONE 3(1): e1419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001419

Academic Editor: Adam Ratner, Columbia University, United States of America

Received: September 20, 2007; Accepted: December 17, 2007; Published: January 9, 2008

Copyright: © 2008 Beringue et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: This work was supported by INRA, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS) and the Ministry of Research, France. The sponsors of this study had no role in study conduct, collection analysis, interpretation of the data, writing of the report or approval of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hubert.laude@jouy.inra.fr (HL); vincent.beringue@jouy.inra.fr (VB)

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001419




THESE ELECTRODES, and infection there from during neurosurgery, were not of a spontaneous nature ;


1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8

Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery.

Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.

Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.

Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8006664&dopt=Abstract




SPONTANEOUS TSE


Perspectives BIOMEDICINE: A Fresh Look at BSE Bruce Chesebro*

Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is the cattle form of a family of progressive brain diseases. These diseases include scrapie in sheep, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk. They are also known as either "prion diseases" because of the association of a misfolded cellular prion protein in pathogenesis or "transmissible spongiform encephalopathies" (TSEs) because of the spongelike nature of the damaged brain tissue (1).

The recent discovery of two BSE-infected cows, one in Canada and one in the United States, has dramatically increased concern in North America among meat producers and consumers alike over the extent to which BSE poses a threat to humans as well as to domestic and wild animals. The European BSE epidemic of the late-1980s seems to have been initiated a decade earlier in the United Kingdom by changes in the production of meat and bone meal (MBM) from rendered livestock, which led to contamination of MBM with the BSE infectious agent. Furthermore, the fact that UK farmers fed this rendered MBM to younger animals and that this MBM was distributed to many countries may have contributed to the ensuing BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom and internationally (2).

Despite extensive knowledge about the spread of BSE through contaminated MBM, the source of BSE in Europe remains an unsolved mystery (2). It has been proposed that BSE could be derived from a cross-species infection, perhaps through contamination of MBM by scrapie-infected sheep tissues (see the figure). Alternatively, BSE may have been an endemic disease in cattle that went unnoticed because of its low level of horizontal transmission. Lastly, BSE might have originated by "spontaneous" misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein into the disease-associated abnormal isoform (3), which is postulated to be the infectious agent or "prion."

Five possible sources of BSE in North American cattle. Sheep, deer, and elk could spread prion diseases (TSEs) to cattle through direct animal contact or contamination of pastures. Endemic BSE has not been proven to exist anywhere in the world, but it is difficult to exclude this possibility because of the inefficient spread of BSE infectivity between individual animals (2). BSE caused by spontaneous misfolding of the prion protein has not been proven. CREDIT: KATHARINE SUTLIFF/SCIENCE

snip...

Nevertheless, the idea that BSE might originate due to the spontaneous misfolding of prion proteins has received renewed interest in the wake of reports suggesting the occurrence of atypical BSE (9-11). These results imply that new strains of cattle BSE might have originated separately from the main UK outbreak. Where and how might such strains have originated? Although such rare events cannot be studied directly, any number of sources of the original BSE strain could also explain the discovery of additional BSE strains in cattle (see the figure). However, it would be worrisome if spontaneous BSE were really a valid etiology because such a mechanism would be impossible to prevent--unlike other possible scenarios that could be controlled by large-scale eradication of TSE-positive animals.

Another way to look at this problem is to examine evidence for possible spontaneous TSE disease in other animals besides cattle. Spontaneous BSE would be extremely difficult to detect in cattle, where horizontal spread is minimal. However, in the case of the sheep TSE disease, scrapie, which spreads from ewes to lambs at birth as well as between adults, spontaneous disease should be detectable as new foci of clinical infection. In the early 1950s scrapie was eradicated in both Australia and New Zealand, and the mainland of both these countries has remained scrapie-free ever since. This scrapie-free status is not the result of selection of sheep resistant to scrapie because sheep from New Zealand are as susceptible as their UK counterparts to experimental scrapie infection (12). These experiments of man and nature appear to indicate that spontaneous clinical scrapie does not occur in sheep. Similarly, because CWD is known to spread horizontally, the lack of CWD in the deer or elk of eastern North America but its presence in western regions would also argue against a spontaneous disease mechanism. This is particularly noteworthy in New Zealand, where there are large numbers of deer and elk farms and yet no evidence of spontaneous CWD. If spontaneous scrapie does not occur in sheep or deer, this would suggest that spontaneous forms of BSE and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) are unlikely to be found in cattle or humans. The main caveat to this notion is that spontaneous disease may arise in some animal species but not others. In humans, sCJD--which is considered by some researchers to begin by spontaneous misfolding of the prion protein--usually takes more than 50 years to appear. Thus, in animals with a shorter life-span, such as sheep, deer, and cattle, an analogous disease mechanism might not have time to develop.

What can we conclude so far about BSE in North America? Is the BSE detected in two North American cows sporadic or spontaneous or both? "Sporadic" pertains to the rarity of disease occurrence. "Spontaneous" pertains to a possible mechanism of origin of the disease. These are not equivalent terms. The rarity of BSE in North America qualifies it as a sporadic disease, but this low incidence does not provide information about cause. For the two reported North American BSE cases, exposure to contaminated MBM remains the most likely culprit. However, other mechanisms are still possible, including cross-infection by sheep with scrapie or cervids with CWD, horizontal transmission from cattle with endemic BSE, and spontaneous disease in individual cattle. Based on our understanding of other TSEs, the spontaneous mechanism is probably the least likely. Thus, "idiopathic" BSE--that is, BSE of unknown etiology--might be a better term to describe the origin of this malady. ...

snip...full text ;

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5692/1918



Release No. 0106.04

Contact: Office of Communications (202) 720-4623

Transcript of Remarks From Technical Briefing on BSE and Related Issues With Agriculture Secretary Ann M. Veneman and USDA Chief Veterinary Officer Dr. Ron DeHaven Washington D.C. - March 15, 2004

snip...

OPERATOR : “Yes. Our next one is coming from Elizabeth Weiss. Please state your company.”

ELIZABETH WEISS: “This is Elizabeth Weiss with USA Today.”

“I actually had two questions. First off, when you say you're looking for 1 in 10,000 cases, is USDA doing any work to find out the possibility of whether or not BSE exists in a spontaneous form in the way that it does in humans and elk populations?

“And secondly, how will any of this fit into some of the consternation that's been raised in California and with the Midwest packer that wanted to test all of its cattle?

“Thanks.”

DR. DEHAVEN: “All right. I think we've got three different questions in there, and I'll try to touch on each one of them.

“First of all, let me correct just a technical issue, and that is you mentioned 1 in 10,000. And actually our surveillance system currently is designed, the one that we have in place now is designed to detect 1 positive in 1 million cattle, and I gave some numbers between 200,000 and 268,000 that would allow us to detect 1 in 10 million as opposed to 1 in 10,000.

“So we would, if we were able to collect in the ballpark of those numbers of samples then we with increasing numbers of samples have an increasingly statistically valid sample from which to determine, one, whether or not the disease exists and, if so, at what prevalence level.

“So our real emphasis is to test as many of those animals as we can, ensure that we get an appropriate geographical distribution, but not setting a specific number as far as a target. Again, consistent with the recommendation from the International Review Team, their recommendation was to test all of them.

“So that's consistent with where we're going is to test as many as we possibly can.

“As far as spontaneous cases, that is a very difficult issue. There is no evidence to prove that spontaneous BSE occurs in cattle; but here again it's an issue of proving a negative. We do know that CJD, the human version of the disease, does occur spontaneously in humans at the rate of about 1 in 1 million. We don't have enough data to definitively say that spontaneous cases of BSE in cattle occur or do not occur.

“Again, it's a very difficult situation to prove a negative.

“So a lot of research is ongoing. Certainly if we do come up with any positive samples in the course of this surveillance we will be looking at that question in evaluating those samples but no scientifically hard evidence to confirm or refute whether or not spontaneous cases of BSE occur.

snip...

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2004/03/0106.html



P2-110

TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TO MICROCEBUS MURINUS, A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE. DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF PRPRES

Nadine Mestre-Frances1, Anne-Gaelle Biacabe2, Sylvie Rouland1, Thierry Baron2, Jean-Michel Verdier1, 1INSERM U710, Montpellier, France; 2AFSSA, Lyon, France. Contact e-mail: nfrances@univmontp2. fr

Background: Atypical BSE cases have been observed in Europe, Japan and North America. They differ in their PrPres profiles from those found in classical BSE. These atypical cases fall into 2 types, depending on the molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrPres band observed by Western blot: the L-type (lower molecular mass than the typical BSE cases) and H-type (higher molecular mass than the typical BSE cases).

Methods: Height animals (4 males and 4 females) were intracerebrally inoculated with 50 l of a 10% brain homogenates of atypical (L and H-type) French BSE cases.

Results: Only one of the four lemurs challenge with H-type BSE died without clinical signs after 19 months post inoculation (mpi), the 4 animals inoculated with L-type BSE died at 19 mpi (2 males) and 22 mpi (2 females). Three months before their sacrifice, they developed blindness, tremor, abnormal posture, incoordinated movements, balance loss. Symptoms get worse according to the disease progression, until severe ataxia. The brain tissue were biochemically and immunocytochemically investigated for PrPres. For the H-types, spongiform changes without PrPres accumulation were observed in the brainstem. Western blot analysis confirmed that no PrPres was detected into the brain. For the L-types, severe spongiosis was evidenced into the thalamus, the striatum, the mesencephalon, and the brainstem, whereas into the cortex the spongiosis was evidenced, but the vacuolisation was weaker. Strong deposits of PrPres was detected by western blot, PET-blot and immunocytochemistry in the CNS: dense accumulation was observed into the thalamus, the striatum, and the hippocampus whereas in the cerebral cortex, PrPres was prominently accumulated in plaques. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of protease-resistant prion protein.

Conclusions: L-type infected lemurs showed survival times considerably shorter than for classical BSE strain, indicating that the disease is caused by a very virulent distinct prion strain.

http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1552-5260/PIIS1552526008013447.pdf




>>> Conclusions: L-type infected lemurs showed survival times considerably shorter than for classical BSE strain, indicating that the disease is caused by a very virulent distinct prion strain. >>>


seems the survival time was the same for the h-type BSE and the l-type BSE i.e. 19 months post inoculation (mpi), interesting. ...TSS


Wednesday, March 31, 2010

Atypical BSE in Cattle / position: Post Doctoral Fellow


http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/03/atypical-bse-in-cattle-position-post.html



Wednesday, February 24, 2010

Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th

ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -


http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/02/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html



Saturday, June 12, 2010

PUBLICATION REQUEST AND FOIA REQUEST Project Number: 3625-32000-086-05 Study of Atypical Bse


http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/06/publication-request-and-foia-request.html



Saturday, July 17, 2010

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Ironside JW., Haemophilia. 2010 Jul;16 Suppl 5:175-80

REVIEW ARTICLE

http://vcjdtransfusion.blogspot.com/2010/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html




Saturday, June 19, 2010

U.S. DENIED UPGRADED BSE STATUS FROM OIE

see full text and reasons why here ;

http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/06/us-denied-upgraded-bse-status-from-oie.html






TSS

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